Agricultural Seed Related Materials

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The Nigerian Agricultural Seed Materials will provide enough seed relatated information that will help transform Nigeria into a leading seed industry in Sub-Saharan Africa worthy of generating foreign exchange, key employer of labour and contributing positively to the country’s economy.

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    Introduction to Agricultural Engineering Technology - A Problem Solving Approach
    (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 0200) Harry L. Field and John B. Solie
    Problem solving is a part of living. We are faced with a host of problems on a daily basis. Some of these problems involve people and human relations, whereas others require a mathematical solution. In this chapter we will deal with problems involving mathematical solutions, and several ways in which these problems can be approached.
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    Cereals
    ( 1965)
    Plant breeding is a discipline that has evolved with the development of human societies. Similar to the rapid changes in other disciplines during the twentieth century, plant breeding has changed from selection based on the phenotype of individuals to selection based on the information derived at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level in molecular genetic laboratories and data from replicated field experiments. The initial beginnings of plant breeding occurred when humans made the transition from a nomadic hunter–gatherer lifestyle to the development of communities, colonies, tribes, and civilizations. The more sedentary lifestyle required that adequate food supplies (both plant and animal) were available within the immediate surrounding areas. The plants available within the immediate areas became very important to sustain the food, fuel, fiber, and feed needs of the local settlements. Hence, the greater the grain and forage yields of the native plants, the greater the sustainability of the needs of the local settlements. They recognized the relative importance of some plant species that could meet the needs of the settlements and practiced selection of individual plants that had greater grain and/or forage yields. Seed was saved from desirable plants to perpetuate the plants in the next growing season. By present-day standards, the methods of selection would seem simplistic because selection was based only on the phenotype of individual plants. But the selection methods were effective to develop landrace cultivars that provided substance for the local settlements to prosper and expand into regional civilizations. The landrace cultivars also were the germplasm resources for future generations of plant breeding. The original plant breeders, therefore, provided the plant resources for the development of human societies and the germplasm resources to sustain modern human societies. The major contributions of the early plant breeders were to develop domesticated crop species, dependent on humans (in some instances for survival) from their wild progenitors. Domestication of our major crop species from their wild progenitors occurred over broad areas and time frames. The extent and rapidity of the distribution of the different domesticated crops depended on human movements within and among different areas of the world. It is estimated, for example, that maize (Zea mays L.) was domesticated 7,000–10,000 years ago in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Maize, however, was unknown outside the Western Hemisphere until Columbus v vi Preface (1493) brought maize seed upon his return to Europe. The potential of maize was recognized and spread rapidly throughout the world. Similar patterns occurred for the other domesticated crop species. Because of the different needs of the different societies and the different environments inhabited, the next stage of plant breeding occurred. The selection techniques of the domesticators were used to develop cultivars adapted to their specific environments. Within the domesticated crop species, different landraces were developed that had the desired traits for the local needs and customs and environmental conditions. By 1900, it was reported, for example, that more than 800 distinctive open-pollinated cultivars were available in the United States. Until 1900, the plant breeding selection methods emphasized selection of individual phenotypes, but modifications were being made to improve selection effectiveness, such as the progeny test suggested by Vilmorin in 1858. Although the early plant breeders did not have a knowledge of Mendelian genetics (and his predecessors, they did observe that progeny tended to resemble their parents) and scientific methods to separate genetic and environmental effects (i.e., heritability) in trait expression, the early plant breeders were effective in domestication of wild, weedy plants for human use and the development of improved strains and cultivars that provided the germplasm resources for twentieth century plant breeders. Plant breeding is often described as the art and science of developing superior cultivars. Art is defined as the skill in performance acquired by experience, study, or observation, which were certainly strong traits of the early plant breeders, whereas science is defined as the knowledge attained through study or practice. The distinctions between art and science are not always clear because even with experimental field and molecular data, subjective decisions are often necessary in choices of parents, progenies to consider for further testing, choices of testers, stage of testing, etc. But the relative importance of the art and science of plant breeding was reversed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the emphasis on science (data driven) replacing emphasis on art (phenotypic appearance). The scientific basis of plant breeding was enhanced in the early part of the twentieth century by several developments, including the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of inheritance; a greater understanding of Darwin’s theory of evolution based on Mendelian genetics; development of field experimental methods (randomization, replication, and repetition) to make valid comparisons among cultivars; theoretical basis for the inheritance of complex traits designated as quantitative traits; integration of the concepts of evolution, Mendelian genetics, and quantitative genetics to provide a basis to understand (and predict) response to selection; the importance of recycling of germplasm (both via pedigree selection within crosses of related lines and genetically broad-based populations) to enhance consistent genetic advance; and the advances made during the latter part of the twentieth century in molecular genetics on qualitative trait loci. Each of the developments impacted plant breeding methods in different ways, but collectively, all have been important to provide a firm and valid genetic basis for developing superior cultivars for the producers. Each of the advances was made to give greater emphasis to selection based on genotypic differences. During the past 100 years, plant breeding has changed from Preface vii selection based on individual phenotypes to selection at the DNA level for selection for primarily genetic differences. This trend will continue in the future with greater emphasis at the DNA, gene, and phenotypic levels. This volume is a summary and an update on the breeding methods that have evolved for our major cereal crop species, especially those based on breeding experience, often not presented in books. Similar to other research disciplines, rapid changes occur annually for the scientific basis of plant breeding. Although the basic genetic information and techniques of plant breeding continue to evolve, the basic concepts of plant breeding to develop superior cultivars remain the same; integrate all the available information to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of our choice of parental materials, genetic enhancement of germplasm resources, estimate breeding values of progenies with greater levels of precision, and develop genetically diverse cultivars with greater tolerances to pest and environmental stresses as well as greater quality for a healthier diet. There is documented evidence that significant genetic improvements for greater yields have been made in cultivated crop species during the twentieth century. Similar genetic improvements are needed to meet human needs (e.g., biofuels) during the twenty-first century. Genetic information at the DNA level will continue to provide basic scientific information and will, hopefully, have a greater role in the future. Similar to other scientific disciplines, the science of plant breeding will continue to evolve for development of superior cultivars with the necessary traits to continue to provide adequate nutritional food supplies to sustain continued population expansions in a world of finite dimensions. Plant breeders have and will continue to develop cultivars. Plant breeding has and will continue to have important roles to ensure the future health of the world’s human societies.
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    CEREAL SEED TECHNOLOGY
    (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME 1975, 1975) WALTHER P. FEISTRITZER
    About nine thousand years ago, somewhere in the foothills of the Zargos mountains in the Near East, men began to put cereal seeds into the soil with a view to harvesting crops. The early Egyptians stored seeds, under governmental supervision, for sowing during the following crop season. The early Romans recognized the advantages of pure seed for crop produc tion. The first organized seed trade started in Germany, France, and Great Britain late in the 17th century and early in the 18th century. The first seeq testing station was established in Germany approximately one hundred years ago. Since then, remarkable developments have been made in seed technology. Yet, functioning seed industries have been limited mainly to the world's industrialized countries with highly developed agriculture. The main problem of developed countries today is not to increase agricultural produc tion, but to decrease the number of people depending upon agriculture and provide those remaining on the farms with higher incomes. Under these conditions, seed of the highest quality is required to make the new technology profitable and to maximize productivity. In developing countries, increased crop production is the main issue, as the food supply will have to be increased annually by 4 percent to keep pace with population growth and to meet the demand for food; however, in most developing countries the increases have been well below this level in recent years. A provisional seed-status review made in 1970 by FAO, covering ninety seven countries, indicated that more than 90 per cent of the seventy-three developing countries studied would need to develop or strengthen their seed production and supply systems. Seed differs from other inputs in highly significant ways, and these differences create special problems which have to be taken into account in seed industry development. Most important, seed is a living thing, subject to genetic and other transformations and death. Therefore, the maintenance of genetic characteristics and physical quality demands well defined procedures and control from breeding to farm delivery.
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    Principles of Agricultural Economics
    (Cambridge University Press, 1989) DAVID COLMAN AND TREVOR YOUNG
    Economists emphasise the importance of the agricultural sector in the development process and there is wide agreement that a necessary condition for economic growth is an agricultural transformation which ensures a large and increasing domestic agricultural surplus. However, it has not always been the case that agriculture has been seen to play such a significant role. In the 1950s the emphasis in development policy was placed on urban industrial growth, with the agricultural sector being regarded as a residual source of inputs (mainly labour) for the manufacturing sector. There was a shift of emphasis in the 1960s when the importance of' balanced growth' was stressed, which entailed recognition of the need for a certain pattern of agricultural growth to complement that of other sectors. It was also at this time that the contributions of agriculture to the development process were more sharply identified in the work of Kuznets (1961), Mellor (1966) and others, and the positive role of agriculture as an engine of development became accepted. Subsequent events in the 1970s and 1980s have reinforced the need for more attention to be paid to agricultural development policy. The series of 'oil shocks' which raised oil prices had serious consequences for the trade balances of non-oil exporting countries and caused them to focus attention on their trading accounts in agricultural products. This necessity was intensified by a growing tendency in some Less Developed Countries (LDCs) to increase food imports as demand growth outstripped that of supply.
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    The Biotechnology Revolution in Global Agriculture _ Invention, Innovation and Investment in the Canola Sector. Biotechnology in Agriculture
    (CABI Publishing, 2001) Peter W.B. Phillips and George G. Khachatourians
    Some 40% of the world’s market economy is based upon biological products and processes (Gadbow and Richards, 1990). Innovation, knowledge and technol ogy are increasingly affecting the competitive base for much of that industry. Although biotechnology applications have been with us for centuries – one of the oldest large-scale applications of biotechnologies by industrial societies was the purification of waste water through microbial treatment in the 19th cen tury – modern, Mendelian plant breeding has, since 1973, been increasingly influenced and driven by new molecular biology techniques (OECD, 1999). This transformation, which is influencing the structure and location of global agri cultural activities, has not been studied in any comprehensive way. This transformation is clearly visible in western Canada, where plant, ani mal and microbial products and processes are the base of the modern regional economy. In the past, western Canada’s competitive position in agri-food pro duction was based on high-quality land and capital-intensive production processes. That now appears to be changing, with knowledge becoming the defining factor in much of the food industry. This book examines the canola sector to illustrate this phenomenon. Innovation has been the defining feature of the canola sector for more than 40 years. Government research in the 1960s bred a new type of rapeseed with only a small amount of two undesirable traits – erucic acid and glucosinolates – and named it canola, thereby creating the base for a knowledge-based, innovation driven industry centred around Saskatoon, Canada. This precipitated a myth that Saskatoon and Canada were the centre of the global canola industry. To a point, the myth reflects reality. Initially a large portion of the research, all of the commercial varieties and an increasing proportion of the production of canola were produced in Saskatoon and the surrounding farming areas in western Canada. Nevertheless, after the first breakthrough, the research into and pro duction of canola began to disperse to other locations. With the establishment of private intellectual property rights and the devel opment of new biotechnology processes in the 1980s and 1990s, private seed and agrochemical companies began to invest in and to undertake substantial research and development in the canola sector around the world. Economic the ory suggests that innovation-driven industries like this are inherently imper fectly competitive because large up-front research and development costs and low marginal costs yield rapidly increasing returns to scale in production. When combined with the presence of spillovers that are localized, the theory suggests that over time the research, commercialization and even production activities of an innovative industry will converge on fewer locations, or even a single loca tion. Thus, the ‘myth’ of Saskatoon and Saskatchewan as the centre of the industry may be actually becoming a reality. This study examines relevant economic theories, reviews the scientific and historical base for the industry, uses scholarly citations to investigate the evolu tion of canola research across both time and geography, analyses the commer cialization and adoption of canola in western Canada and the world, and estimates the costs and benefits of innovation in the industry. This work is then used to examine prospective trends and to investigate the role of public policy in support ing and encouraging commercial success in the worldwide canola sector.
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    Handbook of Seed Physiology_ Applications to Agriculture
    ( 2004) Roberto L. Benech-Arnold ; Rodolfo A. Sánchez
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    Legume and cereal seed production in nigeria
    ( 2008) H.A. Ajeigbe ; T. Abdoulaye, ; D. Chikoye
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    A T EXTBOOK O F AGRONOMY
    ( 2010) B. Chandrasekaran ; K. Annadurai ; E. Somasundaram
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    Seed Development_ OMICS Technologies toward Improvement of Seed Quality and Crop Yield_ OMICS in Seed Biology
    (© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, 2012) Ganesh K. Agrawal · Randeep Rakwal
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    Growing the economy with agriculture
    (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United N at i o n s, 2012) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United N at i o n s
    The preparation of Working Papers 1 to 4 resulted from the collaborative efforts of FAO staff in the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Forestry Department, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Economic and Social Department and Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, including: Mario Acunzo, Nadine Azzu, Caterina Batello, Anne Bogdanski, Sally Bunning, Barbara Burlingame, Jacop Burke, Gerard Ciparisse, Piero Conforti, Luisa Cruz, Renato Cumani, Julien Custot, Carlos Da Silva, Julien De Meyer, Sandro Dernini, Olivier Dubois, Marie-Aude Even, Thierry Facon, Lauren Flejzor, Nicole Franz, Pierre Gerber, Paolo Groppo, Vincent Gitz, Panagiotis Karfakis, Peter Kenmore, Mary Kenny, Yianna Lambrou, Andreanne Lavoie, Francesco Tubiello, Theodor Friedrich, David Hallam, Peter Kenmore, Walter Kollert, Dominique Lantieri, John Latham, Michael Macleod, Irini Maltsoglu, Alexandre Meybeck, Frank Mischler, Jamie Morrison, Noemi Nemes, David Neven, Daniela Ottaviani, Alexandra Röttger, John Ryder, Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Florence Tartanac, Brian Thompson, Heiner Thofern, Nick Van der Graaf, Robert Van Otterdijk, Margret Vidar and Rolf Willmann. The material presented in this document further benefited from the comments of the participants to the FAO/OECD Expert Meeting (see www.fao.org/nr/sustainability). In particular, constructive contributions and encouragements have been received from: Kwesi Atta-Krah (Bioversity International), Rajeev Baruah (BioRe), Svetlana Boincean (International Union of Workers), Cissokho Cheikh Mouhamady (ROPPA), Myrna Cunningham (UNFPII), Willy Douma (Hivos), David Edwards (Prince of Wales Sustainability), Tewolde Egziabher (Ethiopia), Moustafa Fouda (Egypt), Nikolai Fuchs (Nexus Foundation), Cristina Grandi (IFOAM), Niels Halberg (ICROFS), Hans Herren (Millennium Institute), Ulrich Hoffmann (UNCTAD), Parick Holden (Sustainable Food Trust), Teava Iro (Titikaveka Growers), Harriet Kuhnlein (McGill University), Aileen Kwa (South Centre), Juergern Matern (Metro), Sebastian Mathew (International Fishworkers Collective), Marcel Mazoyer (Agroparistech), Monique Mikhail (Oxfam), Aksel Naerstad (More and Better), Asad Naqvi (UNEP), Urs Niggli (FiBL), François Pythoud (Switzerland), Kung Wai Ong (CertAll Alliance) , Aldo Ravazzi (Italy), Luca Ruini (Barilla), Reyes Tirado (Greenpeace), Isobel Tomlinson (Soil Association), Sébastien Treyer (IDDRI), Gaëtan VanLonqueren (UN Right to Food), Edith vanWalsum (ILEA), Keith Wheeler (IUCN) and Darko Znaor. The GEA initiative was conceived and coordinated by Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, FAO.
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    Seeds_ Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy, 3rd Edition
    (Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London, 2013) J. Derek Bewley ; Kent J. Bradford ; Henk W.M. Hilhorst ; Hiro Nonogaki
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    SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
    ( 2013) Miss. Jamdade Pradnya Gulabrao
    Potassium, an essential plant nutrient, has major role in crop production including legumes crops like soybean. Reviews in the literature on potassium application to soybean suggest that soybean needs potassium, absorb it and response to potash fertilizers in terms of yield and monetary returns. However, the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri has completely ignored potassium in the recommendation of general fertilizer prescription to soybean. Looking to the present status average productivity (10.58 q ha-1) of Maharashtra State and its comparison with the national (10.64 q ha-1) and international average productivity of soybean, there is scope to increase the state productivity of soybean with a application of potassium to soybean. It is, therefore, the present experiment was planed to ascertain the optimum dose of potassium to soybean in Inceptisol for enhancing productivity of soybean in the state and to make concrete suggestions to the University for reconsideration of recommendation of potash and their inclusion in general fertilizer prescription dose to soybean. With the above facts and views, a present field investigation entitled, “Response of potassium on yield and quality of soybean in Inceptisol ” was conducted at Post Graduate Institute, Research Farm of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during kharif season, 2012-13 so as to find out the optimum dose of potassium for maximum economic yield of soybean. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with the seven treatments and four replications. The applied treatments were : T1 (Absolute control); T2 (RD: 50:75:00 N:P2O5: K2O kg ha-1); T3 (RD + 20 kg K2O ha-1); T4 (RD + 30 kg K2O ha-1); T5 (RD + 40 kg K2O ha-1); T6 (RD + 50 kg K2O ha-1) and T7 (RD + 60 kg K2O ha-1). The experimental soil was slightly alkaline in a reaction (pH 8.01), low in electrical conductivity ( 0.41 dSm-1 ) and medium in calcium carbonate content (6.5%), low in available nitrogen (155 kg ha-1), phosphorus (12.80 kg ha-1) and medium in potassium (232 kg ha-1) content. The results obtained in the present investigation revealed that the growth parameters viz., and plant height, number of branches per plant, chlorophyll content, nodule count were significantly influenced by various levels of potassium application. The significant highest height (47.65 cm), number of branches (12.25), chlorophyll content (53.71), effective nodules (24.16), number of pods per plants (41), test weight(14.94 g) were observed in treatment of application of RD+60 kg K2O ha-1(T7). The highest grain (31.62 q ha-1), straw (40.80 q ha-1), protein (10.36 q ha-1) and oil (6.38 q ha-1) yield were recorded under the same treatment of RD + 60 kg K2O ha-1 (T7). The grain and straw yields were at par with treatments T6 (RD + 50 kg K2O ha-1) and T5 (RD + 40 kg K2O ha-1) while the protein and oil yield were at par with treatments T6, T5 and T4. The total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly influenced by the potassium application and maximum NPK uptake was observed in the treatment T7 (RD+60 kg K2O ha-1) treatment and it was at par with treatments T6 and T5. Increase levels of potash resulted in to increase in soil fertility status after harvest of soybean with respect to all available nutrients. However, treatments plots of available N and P decreased over the initial status from all. The highest soybean yield and quality were recorded in treatment T7 however, the B:C ratio of soybean cultivation under treatments of various levels of potash was found maximum (2.47) in the treatment T6 followed by treatments T5 (2.46) and T7 (2.46). The maximum monetary returns per Rs invested on potash fertilizer (Rs 6.93) was recorded by application RD + 40 kg K2O ha-1 to soybean. Thus, from the above results of present study it can be concluded that application of 40 kg K2O ha-1 along with recommended 50 kg N and 75 kg P2O5 is found most optimum dose of potash to soybean to harvest maximum economical yield and quality of soybean in Inceptisol
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    Fungal Nanotechnology Applications in Agriculture, Industry, and Medicine
    (Springer International Publishing, 2017) Ram Prasad
    This chapter highlights the current status and the awaiting panorama of fungal nanotechnology in the compass of agricultural science and engineering. The existent advances, potential applications, and challenges of myconanotechnology in agri-food sector have been discussed. It summarizes some of the most promising applications of mycogenic nanomaterials in agriculture that involves nanoformula tions for increased crop yield, smart field systems with precision farming, and early disease detection measures along with crop improvement through mycomimetic models. Another aspect captivates their use in food packaging materials that possess extremely high gas barriers and antimicrobial properties and nanosensors which can detect microorganisms. There are tremendous potentials of myconanotechnology in agriculture wherein most of the research projects are in their nascent stage, and it will surely bang all doors of agri-food sector with strong intents and purposes. It conclusively focuses on possible benefits of employing myco-fabricated nano products and their novel application potentialities
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    Seed Science and Technology
    (Library Press, 2018) Percival Rooser
    This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of seed science and technology. The topics introduced in it cover the basic and primary techniques and methods of the subject. Seed science covers all aspects of the germination of seeds and the related technologies and methodologies that facilitate plant growth. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on the subject have been included in this text. For all those who are interested in seed science and technology, this textbook can prove to be an essential guide. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.
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    SAVING VEGETABLE SEEDS
    (McNaughton & Gunn, Inc, 2022-05-02) Fern Marshall Bradley